.CLS .COL 20 .SKIP 10 WELCOME TO MR NELLEN'S CLOZE READING DRILL # 01 .COL 15 .INF 1 (*PLEASE ENTER YOUR FIRST NAME : *) .PAUSE .CLS .COL 1,7 In ancient times, mail was carried by messenger. If the mail was not being sent very far, one person could take it the full distance without stopping. Sometimes, though, the ___1___ was long. A messenger could only go part of the way without resting. Then the messenger had to stop to eat and sleep. However, the mail was not ___2___. It was handed to another person, who took it on its way. This was called a relay post. @BEGIN QUESTION COUNT @TRIES 1 1 a) page b) line c) trip d) strike e) report @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*c*) EXACT NOCASE very good, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was c, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .skip 1 @BEGIN QUESTION COUNT @TRIES 1 2 a) written b) opened c) dated d) delayed e) answered @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Mail service changed little for many years. One reason was that roads were poor. But as trade grew, so did the need for better traveling conditions. As a result, roads were ___3___. Over the years, they were made wider and smoother. Mail could then be sent by coach. Coach service was faster and safer. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 3 a) improved b) blocked c) avoided d) crossed e) divided @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*a*) EXACT NOCASE Bingo, (.inf 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was a, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS The greatest changes in mail service were prompted by the development of the railways. Until that time, the cost of a letter was based on how far it went. Many clerks were employed to keep the accounts for each letter. All these ___4___ made mail costs high. They slowed service. A new plan was introduced in l848. It eliminated the need for so many clerks. It cut labor bills and speeded service. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 4 a) taxes b) stations c) sizes d) boxes e) workers @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*e*) EXACT NOCASE good, (.inf 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was e, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS The new plan based mail fees only on weight. How far a letter was going no longer mattered. All that did matter was how ___5___ the mail was. The fees was a penny a half- ounce. A letter going l,000 miles cost no more than one going l0 miles. The ___6___ was the same. This single rate made service more efficient. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 5 a) secure b) late c) heavy d) direct e) valuable @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*c*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.inf 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was c, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .skip 1 @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 6 a) price b) place c) color d) paper e) machine @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*a*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was a, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Furthermore, mail was now paid for when sent. Previously, the person who had received mail had paid for it. It had sometimes been hard for the postman to find this person and to ___7___ the mail. Now the postman could simply leave it at the address shown. This also cut costs. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 7 a) read b) deliver c) check d) afford e) protect @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*b*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was b, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS The Semang people inhabit the lush jungles of Malaysia. They subsist by gathering wild roots and fruits. Although there is ample food in the jungle, food plants do not grow conveniently next to one another. Instead, they are ___8___. One wild fruit tree may be a mile from the next, and in the dense jungle it can take a day to negotiate that mile. Even after years of travel among the same trees, there are no man-made roads to follow. Each time they break camp, the Semang must cut their way through the trees again. When they return, they will find no trace of their efforts. The ___9___ will be gone. The jungle will have taken over once more. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 8 a) huge b) green c) sweet d) scattered e) similar @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .skip 1 @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 9 a) fire b) enemy c) bush d) path e) animal @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS The hard-fought distance between food sources demand almost constant motion. They also limit the number of people in each band. One fruit tree can feed 20 or so people for just a few days. Then it is time to ___10___ again. Another source of food must be found. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 10 a) drink b) shoot c) move d) build e) cook @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*c*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was c, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .pause .cls A larger band would have to increase the range of its travels, but that is impossible for people who travel only on foot. Therefore, the ___11___remains small. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 11 a) tent b) stream c) group d) portion e) crop @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*c*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was c, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS When the Semang do locate food, it is not always ready to eat. Many of the plants the Semang use are poisonous. The Semang are aware of the ___12___. They know they cannot eat the foods as they find them. First they must treat the plants to make them edible. Each plant must be ___13___differently. Some must be placed in running water to wash away the poison; others must be buried in the earth; still others must be mixed with lime and heated. Only then can the plants' safety be assured. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 12 a) noise b) nest c) season d) trail e) danger @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*e*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was e, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .skip 1 @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 13 a) salted b) handled c) traded d) raised e) chosen @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*b*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was b, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS With food-getting so difficult, one might expect the Semang to be selfish, but their basic belief is that nobody should go hungry. Food is always ___14___. If one Semang has food, all have food. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 14 a) shared b) warmed c) tested d) finished e) cleaned @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*a*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was a, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Leather-making is an ancient art, dating back thousands of years. Now, as then, the process of turning animal hides and skins into leather must begin soon after an animal dies. The skin or hide will rot unless action is taken promptly to prevent decay. There are several ways to___15___ the skins. They can be dried in the sun to protect them. Alternatively, the can be salted or smoked. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 15 a) measure b) fold c) obtain d) preserve e) value @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Such "curing" of the skins is only the first stage in making leather. The skins must also be cleaned, tanned, and finished. Each of these ___16___ is important. Perhaps the most critical part of the process is tanning, which actually transforms the skins to leather. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 16 a) grains b) steps c) sources d) styles e) colors @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*b*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was b, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS For centuries, only vegetable tannins were used as tanning agents. Skins were layered with these substances, covered with water in a pit, and left to tan. Today, there are other ___17___. Tanning with chrome salts is quite common now. Whereas vegetable tannins took months to work, the salts act in a few hours. This increased ___18___ is important. Faster tanning means more leather can be made. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 17 a) sizes b) markets c) methods d) articles e) dangers @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*c*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was c, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .skip 1 @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 18 a) speed b) strength c) safety d) expense e) comfort @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*a*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was a, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Each type of tannin gives particular characteristic to leather. Vegetable tannins produce stiff, heavy leathers. These are fine for luggage or shoe soles. However, such ___19___ leather aren't always desired. When gloves or wallets are made, an agent is needed; that gives soft, lightweight leathers, as chrome salts do. The kind of leather that is desired thus governs the choice of a tanning agent. Sometimes, one agent alone cannot give all the needed properties. In such cases, tanning agents are ___20___. Two or more are used to get the desired result. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 19) a) perfect b) cheap c) dark d) hard e) natural @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .skip 1 @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 20) a) combined b) boiled c) removed d) wasted e) pounded @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*a*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was a, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Leather was once made entirely by hand. Today, machines are used for some tasks. Lack of uniformity in the skins makes it impossible to automate the industry more fully. The leather ___21___ too much. The pieces differ in shape, thickness, and quality. Artisans are needed to finish each piece to best advantage. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 21) a) weighs b) smells c) costs d) wears e) varies @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*e*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was e, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS The first major political cartoons in America appeared during the Civil War with publication of Thomas Nast's pro-Union sketches. These drawings were designed to increase pro-war sentiment in the North. In them, Nast attacked those who opposed vigorous conduct of the war. He tried to persuade people to __22__. The cartoons were so effective that Lincoln called Nast "our best recruiting sergeant." @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 22 a) fight b) wait c) vote d) leave e) forget @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*a*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was a, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Nast is perhaps best known for his cartoons attacking "Boss" Tweed and the political machine that controlled New York City in the late 1860's. Nast's images were so vivid that even people who couldn't read could understand them. ___23___ were not important. The pictures spoke for themselves. This worried Tweed. Though he believed most of his constituents wouldn't read newspaper attacks against him, he feared they'd see and understand the cartoons. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 23 a) Changes b) Words c) Copies d) Prizes e) Events @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*b*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was b, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Nast's drawings were most damaging after details of contract padding were made public in July 1871. Nast made use of this___24___. As each item of corruption was revealed, it became the subject of a scathing cartoon. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 24 a) style b) training c) character d) space e) evidence @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*e*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was e, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .pause .cls Nast's publisher was pressured to stop printing the cartoons. However, he ___25___. They continued to appear until the Tweed "Ring" was broken. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 25. a) joined b) lied c) refused d) left e) paid @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*c*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was c, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS In a final irony, Tweed was captured years later in Spain by authorities who had seen the cartoons. Tweed, a fugitive, had disguised himself. Even so, he was ___26___. Knowing Nast's work, the police were able to identify Tweed when they saw him. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 26. a) elected b) protected c) needed d) freed e) recognized @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*e*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was e, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .pause .cls Nast created or popularized many familiar political symbols. He used Uncle Sam to stand for the Federal government and Columbia for the American spirit. His symbols were not limited to human figures. ___27___ were used, too. He drew the donkey and elephant to represent the Democratic and Republican parties. His tiger symbolized Tammany Hall. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 27 a) Pens b) Shadows c) Animals d) Maps e) Writers @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*c*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was c, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Nast's cartoons addressed important and controversial issues of his day. However, not all his work was this ___28___. It was Nast, after all, who drew the figure and costume of Santa Claus as we know him. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 28 a) simple b) honest c) careful d) serious e) original @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Lubricants, such as oils and greases, are needed to reduce friction and wear. Animal fats, and oil seeping from the ground, served adequately as lubricants for thousands of years. But lubricants are now employed in ways unheard of years ago. They oil gas engines. They lubricate sealed bearings in computer tape drives. Such ___29___ are new. Because of the variety of modern applications, the range of lubricants has been greatly expanded. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 29 a) pipes b) prices c) companies d) uses e) contracts @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS At one time, for example, oil from only a few areas had the characteristics needed to make good lubricants. Today the ___30___ is not as important. Oil from many places can be turned into fine lubricants. Such lubricants are made in many viscosities, for different purposes. Those that are applied to open gears of wire ropes must be tacky, or heavy and sticky. Oils employed elsewhere need not be as ___31___. Textile spindles, for instance, work best with a light, thin oil. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 30- a) cost b) quantity c) color d) market e) source @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*e*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was e, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .skip 1 @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 31 a) thick b) cheap c) fresh d) pure e) uniform @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*a*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was a, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Many machines of operating conditions call for lubricants with special kinds of characteristics. Often, these products do not yet exist. They must be ___32___. Engineers create them, most often by combining selected oils and other ingredients. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 32 a) saved b) designed c) shared d) shipped e) taxed @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*b*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was b, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .pause .cls For example, in some machines pressure is so great that moving parts would fuse together if their metal surfaces met. For this reason, the surfaces must always be___33___. They must not touch. Engineers developed oils with additives that form a resistant film, preventing metal-to-metal contact. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 33 a) matched b) warmed c) cleaned d) dried e) separated @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*e*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was e, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .PAUSE .CLS Certain machines, like cars, must run in extreme weather conditions. Oil tends to behave differently in cold and heat. Yet changes in ___34___ must not matter. Automobile oils must work well in all seasons. For this reason, year-round lubricants were developed. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 34 a) supply b) temperature b) value d) appearance e) method @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*b*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was b, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .pause .cls Lubricant refining leads to many by-products. The crude oil from which lubricants are made has a waxy component that is neither needed nor wanted in finished lubricants. Therefore the wax is ___35___. This extract is later important in making such products as cosmetics and polishes. @BEGIN QUESTION @TRIES 1 35 a) shaped b) spread c) stamped d) removed e) examined @READ (*Enter the letter of the correct answer : *) @RIGHT (*d*) EXACT NOCASE correct, (.INF 1) @WRONG FINAL The answer was d, (.INF 1) @END QUESTION .CLS .PAUSE .COL 20 .skip 10 That's all folks! .skip 5 .COL 7 .pause .cls